Nephilim
Zecharia Sitchin. His work spanned decades and he authored over 15 books in his lifetime, predominately focusing on the Annunaki and the global influence they held over early man. His esoteric field of study purloined readers as he continued to paint a vivid alternative history of our species. Sitchin's focus on the Nephilim, the offspring of the “sons of God” and the “daughters of men” in Genesis 6:4, or giants who inhabit Canaan in Numbers 13:33 ( Source ), presents a though-provoking view that challenges modern schools of thought. Sadly, Sitchin passed away in 2010, however his legacy lives on through his published works and the efforts of his niece.
Excerpt from Sitchin's book There Were Giants Upon the Earth to help explain the enigmatic nature of the Nephilim.
AND IT CAME TO PASS
And it came to pass, When men began to multiply on the face of the Earth and daughters were born unto them, that the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair, and they took them wives of all which they chose.
There were giants upon the Earth in those days and also thereafter too, When the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men and they bare children to them–the same Mighty Men of old, Men of Renown.
The reader, if familiar with the King James English version of the Bible, will recognize these verses as the preamble, in chapter 6 of Genesis, to the story of the Deluge, the Great Flood in which Noah, huddled in an ark, was saved to repopulate the Earth.
The Anunnaki create Nephilim Adam and Eve .
The descendants of Adam and Eve . Painting by Luca Falace
The reader, if familiar with my writings, will also recognize these verses as the reason why many decades ago, a schoolboy was prompted to ask his teacher why it is “giants” who are the subject of these verses, when the word in the original Hebrew text is Nihilism–which, stemming from the Hebrew verb Navel, means to fall down, to be downed, to come down–and in no way 'giants'.
The schoolboy was I. Instead of being congratulated on my linguistic acumen, I was harshly reprimanded. “Sitchin, sit down!” the teacher hissed with repressed anger. “You don't question the Bible!” I was deeply hurt that day, for I was not questioning the Bible–on the contrary, I was pointing out the need to understand it accurately. And that was what changed my life's direction to pursue the Nefilim. Who were they, and who were their “Mighty Men” descendants?
The search for answers started with linguistic questions. The Hebrew text does not speak of “Men” who began to multiply, but of Ha'Adam–“The Adam,” a generic term, a human species. It does not speak of the sons of “God,” but uses the term Bnei Ha-Elohim–the sons (in the plural) of The Elohim, a plural term taken to mean “gods” but literally meaning “The Lofty Ones.” The “Daughters of The Adam” were not “fair,” but Tovoth–good, compatible . . . And unavoidably we find ourselves confronting issues of origins. How did Mankind happen to be on this planet, and whose genetic code do we carry?
In just three verses and a few words–forty-nine words in the original Hebrew of Genesis–the Bible describes the creation of Heaven and Earth, then records an actual prehistoric time of early Mankind and a series of amazing events, including a global Flood, the presence on Earth of gods and their sons, inter-species intermarriage, and demigod offspring…
And so, starting with one word (Nefilim), I told the tale of the Anunnaki, “Those who from Heaven to Earth came”–space travelers and interplanetary settlers who came from their troubled planet to Earth in need of gold and ended up fashioning The Adam in their image. In doing so I brought them to life–recognizing them individually, unraveling their tangled relationships, describing their tasks, loves, ambitions, and wars–and identifying their inter-species offspring, the 'demigods'.
I have been asked at times where my interests would have taken me were the teacher to compliment rather than reprimand me. In truth, I have asked myself a different question: What if indeed “there were giants upon the Earth, in those days and thereafter too”? The cultural, scientific, and religious implications are awesome; they lead to the next unavoidable questions: Why did the compilers of the Hebrew Bible, which is totally devoted to monotheism, include the bombshell verses in the prehistoric record–and what were their sources?
I believe that I have found the answer. Deciphering the enigma of the demigods (the famed Gilgamesh among them), I conclude in this book–my crowning oeuvre–that compelling physical evidence for past alien presence on Earth has been buried in an ancient tomb. It is a tale that has immense implications for our genetic origins–a key to unlocking the secrets of health, longevity, life, and death; it is a mystery whose unraveling will take the reader on a unique adventure and finally reveal what was held back from Adam in the Garden of Eden.
Sumer, it is now known, was the land of a talented and dexterous people in what is now southern Iraq. Usually depicted in artful statues and statuettes in a devotional stance, it was the Sumerians who were the first ones to record and describe past events and tell the tales of their gods. It was there, in the fertile plain watered by the great Euphrates and Tigris rivers, that Mankind's first known civilization blossomed out some 6,000 years ago–“suddenly,” “unexpectedly,” “with stunning abruptness,” according to all scholars. It was a civilization to which we owe, to this day, virtually every 'First' of what we deem essential to an advanced civilization: The wheel and wheeled transportation; the brick that made (and still makes) possible high-rise buildings; furnaces and the kiln that are essential to industries from baking to metallurgy; astronomy and mathematics; cities and urban societies; kingship and laws; temples and priesthoods; timekeeping, a calendar, festivals; from beer to culinary recipes, from art to music and musical instruments; and, above all, writing and record keeping–it was all first there, in Sumer.
The philological recognition of Sumerian began, as we have illustrated, not through the discovery of the Sumerians' own tablets, but through the varied use, in Akkadian texts, of 'loan words' that were not Akkadian; the naming of gods and cities by names that made no sense in Assyrian or Babylonian; and of course by actual statements (as that by Ashurbanipal) about the existence of earlier writings in 'Shumerian'. Though virtually everything that we consider essential to a developed civilization has been inherited from the Sumerians, many people still respond with a blank “Who?” when they hear the word 'Sumerian'…
Author biography : Zecharia Sitchin (1920-2010), an eminent Orientalist and biblical scholar, was born in Russia and grew up in Palestine, where he acquired a profound knowledge of modern and ancient Hebrew, other Semitic and European languages, the Old Testament, and the history and archaeology of the Near East. A graduate of the University of London with a degree in economic history, he worked as a journalist and editor in Israel for many years prior to undertaking his life's work—The Earth Chronicles.
One of the few scholars able to read the clay tablets and interpret ancient Sumerian and Akkadian, Sitchin based The Earth Chronicles series on the texts and pictorial evidence recorded by the ancient civilizations of the Near East. His books have been widely translated, reprinted in paperback editions, converted to Braille for the blind, and featured on radio and television programs.
There Were Giants Upon the Earth by Zecharia Sitchin © 2016 Bear & Company. Printed with permission from the publisher Inner Traditions International .
To purchase this book visit B&N.com, Amazon.com, InnerTraditions.com, or your local bookstore.
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Source Wikipedia
Nephilim
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Nephilim (disambiguation).
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The Nephilim /ˈnɛfᵻˌlɪm/ (Hebrew: נְפִילִים, sing. נָפִיל, Naphíl or Naphil) were offspring of the "sons of God" and the "daughters of men" before the Deluge according to Genesis 6:4; they were said to later inhabit Canaan at the time of the Israelite conquest of Canaan according toNumbers 13:33. A similar biblical Hebrew word with different vowel-sounds is used in Ezekiel 32:27 to refer to dead Philistine warriors.
Contents
[hide]Etymology[edit]
The Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon gives the meaning of Nephilim as "giants".[1] Many suggested interpretations are based on the assumption that the word is a derivative of Hebrew verbal root n-ph-l "fall". Robert Baker Girdlestone[2] argued the word comes from the Hiphil causative stem, implying that the Nephilim are to be perceived as "those that cause others to fall down". Adam Clarke took it as a perfect participle, "fallen", "apostates". Ronald Hendel states that it is a passive form "ones who have fallen", equivalent grammatically to paqid "one who is appointed" (i.e., overseer), asir, "one who is bound", (i.e., prisoner) etc.[3][4] According to the Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon, the basic etymology of the word Nephilim is "dub[ious]", and various suggested interpretations are "all very precarious".[5]
The majority of ancient biblical versions, including the Septuagint, Theodotion, Latin Vulgate, Samaritan Targum, Targum Onkelos and Targum Neofiti, interpret the word to mean "giants".[6] Symmachus translates it as "the violent ones"[7][8][9] and Aquila's translation has been interpreted to mean either "the fallen ones"[7] or "the ones falling [upon their enemies]".[9][10]
In the Hebrew Bible[edit]
The term "Nephilim" occurs just twice in the Hebrew Bible, both in the Torah. The first is Genesis 6:1–4, immediately before the account of Noah's ark.
| Genesis 6:4[11] | |
|---|---|
| Hebrew (MT) | English (JPS) |
| ד הַנְּפִלִים הָיוּ בָאָרֶץ, בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם, וְגַם אַחֲרֵי-כֵן אֲשֶׁר יָבֹאוּ בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים אֶל-בְּנוֹת הָאָדָם, וְיָלְדוּ לָהֶם: הֵמָּה הַגִּבֹּרִים אֲשֶׁר מֵעוֹלָם, אַנְשֵׁי הַשֵּׁם. | 4 The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bore children to them; the same were the mighty men that were of old, the men of renown. |
| Latin (Vulgate) | English (KJV) |
| 4 gigantes autem erant super terram in diebus illis postquam enim ingressi sunt filii Dei ad filias hominum illaeque genuerunt isti sunt potentes a saeculo viri famosi | 4 There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare [children] to them, the same[became] mighty men which [were] of old, men of renown. |
The second is Numbers 13:32–33, where ten of the Twelve Spies report that they have seen fearsome giants in Canaan.
| Numbers 13:33[12] | |
|---|---|
| Hebrew (MT) | English (JPS) |
| לג וְשָׁם רָאִינוּ, אֶת-הַנְּפִלִים בְּנֵי עֲנָק--מִן-הַנְּפִלִים; וַנְּהִי בְעֵינֵינוּ כַּחֲגָבִים, וְכֵן הָיִינוּ בְּעֵינֵיהֶם. | 33 And there we saw the Nephilim, the sons of Anak, who come of the Nephilim; and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight.' |
| Latin (Vulgate) | English (KJV) |
| 33 ibi vidimus monstra quaedam filiorum Enach de genere giganteo quibus conparati quasi lucustae videbamur | 33 And there we saw the giants, the sons of Anak, [which come] of the giants: and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight. |
The nature of the nephilim is complicated by the ambiguity of Genesis 6:4, which leaves it unclear whether they are the "sons of God" or their offspring who are the "mighty men of old, men of renown". Richard Hess in The Anchor Bible Dictionary takes it to mean that the nephilim are the offspring,[13] as does P. W. Coxon in Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible.[14]
Interpretations[edit]
There are effectively two views[15] regarding the identity of the nephilim, which follow on from alternative views about the identity of the sons of God (Bənê hāʼĕlōhîm):
- Offspring of Seth: The Qumran (Dead Sea Scroll) fragment 4Q417 (4QInstruction) contains the earliest known reference to the phrase "children of Seth", stating that God has condemned them for their rebellion. Other early references to the offspring of Seth rebelling from God and mingling with the daughters of Cain, are found in rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, Augustine of Hippo, Julius Africanus, and the Letters attributed to St. Clement. It is also the view expressed in the modern canonical Amharic Ethiopian Orthodox Bible.
- Offspring of angels: A number of early sources refer to the "sons of heaven" as angels. The earliest such references[16] seem to be in the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Greek, and Aramaic Enochic literature, and in certain Ge'ez manuscripts of 1 Enoch (mss A–Q) and Jubilees[17] used by western scholars in modern editions of the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.[18] Some Christian apologists, such as Tertullian and especially Lactantius, shared this opinion. The earliest statement in a secondary commentary explicitly interpreting this to mean that angelic beings mated with humans can be traced to the rabbinical Targum Pseudo-Jonathan and it has since become especially commonplace in modern-day Christian commentaries.
Fallen angels[edit]
Main article: Fallen angel
The New American Bible commentary draws a parallel to the Epistle of Jude and the statements set forth in Genesis, suggesting that the Epistle refers implicitly to the paternity of nephilim as heavenly beings who came to earth and had sexual intercourse with women.[19] The footnotes of the Jerusalem Bible suggest that the biblical author intended the nephilim to be an "anecdote of a superhuman race".[20]
Some Christian commentators have argued against this view,[21][22] citing Jesus's statement that angels do not marry.[23] Others believe that Jesus was only referring to angels in heaven.[24]
Evidence cited in favor of the "fallen angels" interpretation includes the fact that the phrase "the sons of God" (Hebrew: בְּנֵי הָֽאֱלֹהִים; literally "sons of the gods") is used twice outside of Genesis chapter 6, in the Book of Job (1:6 and 2:1) where the phrase explicitly references angels. The Septuagint manuscript Codex Alexandrinus reading of Genesis 6:2 renders this phrase as "the angels of God" while Codex Vaticanus reads "sons".[25]
Second Temple Judaism[edit]
Main articles: Book of Enoch, Book of Jubilees and Watcher (angel)
See also: Second Temple Judaism
The story of the nephilim is further elaborated in the Book of Enoch. The Greek, Aramaic, and main Ge'ez manuscripts of 1 Enoch and Jubilees obtained in the 19th century and held in the British Museum and Vatican Library, connect the origin of the nephilim with the fallen angels, and in particular with the egrḗgoroi (watchers). Samyaza, an angel of high rank, is described as leading a rebel sect of angels in a descent to earth to have sexual intercourse with human females:
In this tradition, the children of the Nephilim are called the Elioud, who are considered a separate race from the Nephilim, but they share the fate as the Nephilim.
According to these texts, the fallen angels who begat the nephilim were cast into Tartarus (2 Peter 2:4, Jude 1:6) (Greek Enoch 20:2),[27] a place of 'total darkness'. However, Jubilees also states that God granted ten percent of the disembodied spirits of the nephilim to remain after the flood, as demons, to try to lead the human race astray until thefinal Judgment.
In addition to Enoch, the Book of Jubilees (7:21–25) also states that ridding the Earth of these nephilim was one of God's purposes for flooding the Earth in Noah's time. These works describe the nephilim as being evil giants.
Targum Pseudo-Jonathan identifies the nephilim as Shemihaza and the angels in the name list from 1 Enoch.[28] b Yoma 67, PRE22 and 1 QapGen ar ii 1 also identify the nephilim as the angels that fell.
There are also allusions to these descendants in the deuterocanonical books of Judith 16:6, Sirach 16:7, Baruch 3:26–28, and Wisdom of Solomon 14:6, and in the non-deuterocanonical 3 Maccabees 2:4.
In the New Testament Epistle of Jude 14–15 cites from 1 Enoch 1:9, which many scholars believe is based on Deuteronomy 33:2.[29][30][31] To most commentators this confirms that the author of Jude regarded the Enochic interpretations of Genesis 6 as correct, however others[32] have questioned this.
Descendants of Seth and Cain[edit]
Orthodox Judaism has taken a stance against the idea that Genesis 6 refers to angels or that angels could intermarry with men. Shimon bar Yochai pronounced a curse on anyone teaching this idea. Rashi and Nachmanides followed this. Pseudo-Philo, Biblical Antiquities 3:1–3 may also imply that the "sons of God" were human.[33] Consequently, most Jewish commentaries and translations describe the Nephilim as being from the offspring of "sons of nobles", rather than from "sons of God" or "sons of angels".[34] This is also the rendering suggested in the Targum Onqelos, Symmachus and the Samaritan Targum which read "sons of the rulers", where Targum Neophyti reads "sons of the judges".
Likewise, a long-held view among some Christians is that the "sons of God" were the formerly righteous descendants of Seth who rebelled, while the "daughters of men" were the unrighteous descendants of Cain, and the nephilim the offspring of their union.[35] This view, dating to at least the 1st century AD in Jewish literature as described above, is also found in Christian sources from the 3rd century if not earlier, with references throughout the Clementine literature,[36] as well as in Sextus Julius Africanus,[37] Ephrem the Syrian[38] and others. Holders of this view have looked for support in Jesus' statement that "in those days before the flood they [humans] were… marrying and giving in marriage" (Matthew 24:38).[39]
Some individuals and groups, including St. Augustine, John Chrysostom, and John Calvin, take the view of Genesis 6:2 that the "Angels" who fathered the nephilim referred to certain human males from the lineage of Seth, who were called sons of God probably in reference to their prior covenant with Yahweh (cf. Deuteronomy 14:1; 32:5); according to these sources, these men had begun to pursue bodily interests, and so took wives of the daughters of men, e.g., those who were descended from Cain or from any people who did not worship God.
This also is the view of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church,[40] supported by their own Ge'ez manuscripts and Amharic translation of the Haile Selassie Bible—where the books of 1 Enoch and Jubilees, counted as canonical by this church, differ from western academic editions.[41] The "Sons of Seth view" is also the view presented in a few extra-biblical, yet ancient works, including Clementine literature, the 3rd century Cave of Treasures, and the ca. 6th Century Ge'ez work The Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan. In these sources, these offspring of Seth were said to have disobeyed God, by breeding with the Cainites and producing wicked children "who were all unlike", thus angering God into bringing about the Deluge, as in the Conflict:
Arguments from culture and mythology[edit]
In Aramaic culture, the term niyphelah refers to the Constellation of Orion and nephilim to the offspring of Orion in mythology.[42] However the Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon notes this as a "dubious etymology" and "all very precarious".[1]
J. C. Greenfield mentions that "it has been proposed that the tale of the Nephilim, alluded to in Genesis 6 is based on some of the negative aspects of the apkallu tradition".[43]The apkallu in Sumerian mythology were seven legendary culture heroes from before the Flood, of human descent, but possessing extraordinary wisdom from the gods, and one of the seven apkallu, Adapa, was therefore called "son of Ea", despite his human origin.[44]
Ezekiel's "mighty fallen" or nophlim[edit]
Ezekiel 32:27 speaks of "the fallen mighty (gibborim nophlim, גִּבֹּורִים נֹפְלִים) of the uncircumcised, which are gone down (yardu, יָרְדֽוּ) to the grave with their weapons of war"; a change to the vowels would produce the reading gibborim nephilim.[45][46][47]
Misidentification of fossil remains[edit]
Cotton Mather believed that fossilized leg bones and teeth discovered near Albany, New York, in 1705 were the remains of Nephilim who perished in a great flood. However,paleontologists have identified these as mastodon remains.[48][49]
Related terms[edit]
In the Hebrew Bible, there are a number of other words that, like "Nephilim", are sometimes translated as "giants":
Popular culture[edit]
Main article: Nephilim in popular culture
In Cassandra Clare's book series The Mortal Instruments, the Nephilim are a special race of humans with the blood of angels running through their veins. The job of the Nephilim in the series is to rid the world of evil demonic activity.
In Becca Fitzpatrick's quartet book series, Hush, Hush, the Nephilim are offsprings of fallen angels and humans. According to the information in the books, the Nephilim can be made to swear fealty to a fallen angel, during the Jewish month of Cheshvan, the only month that does not have any holidays or special mitzvot. The Nephilim would then become the vassal of the fallen angel to which it swore fealty, thus allowing the fallen angel to possess it during the month of Cheshvan.
In Richard Kadrey's Sandman Slim series of books, the protagonist is a Nephilim.
In the anime and manga Devils and Realist, Dantalion, one of the main characters, is a Nephilim.
In Eric Kripke's TV show Supernatural, the Nephilim are the offspring of humans and angels. Their creation is forbidden and they are considered to be abominations by Heaven.
In Madeleine L'Engle's novel "Many Waters", Nephilim are angels that have turned away from god. The Nephilim are implied to be fallen angels who can't return to heaven after choosing to leave for Earth. They have wings and eyes colored in Violets and Reds. They can transform into worms, snakes and dragons. Noted Nephilim include: Ugiel, Rofocale, Eisheth, Eblis, Estael, Negarsanel, Rugziel, Rumael, Rumjal, Ertrael, andNaamah.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Brown Driver Briggs Hebrew Lexicon p. 658; Strongs H5307
- ^ Girdlestone R. Old Testament Synonyms p. 54
- ^ Hendel R. ed. Auffarth Christoph; Loren T. Stuckenbruck The Fall of the Angels Brill (22 Feb 2004) ISBN 978-90-04-12668-8 p. 21, 34
- ^ Marks, Herbert "Biblical Naming and Poetic Etymology" Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 114, No. 1 (Spring, 1995), pp. 21–42
- ^ Brown Driver Briggs Hebrew Lexicon p. 658
- ^ Van Ruiten, Jacques (2000). Primaeval History Interpreted: The Rewriting of Genesis I-II in the Book of Jubilees. Brill. p. 189. ISBN 9789004116580.
- ^ a b Wright, Archie T. (2005). The Origin of Evil Spirits: The Reception of Genesis 6.1-4 in Early Jewish Literature. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 80–81. ISBN 9783161486562.
- ^ The Greek text reads 'οι βιαιοι; the singular root βιαιος means "violence" or "forcible" (Liddell & Scott. Greek-English Lexicon, 1883.)
- ^ a b Stackhouse, Thomas (1869). A History of the Holy Bible. Blackie & Son. p. 53.
- ^ Salvesen, Alison (1998). "Symmachus Readings in the Pentateuch". Origen's Hexapla and Fragments: Papers Presented at the Rich Seminar on the Hexapla, Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, [July] 25th-3rd August 1994. Mohr Siebeck. p. 190.ISBN 9783161465758.
The rendering "he fell upon, attacked" [in Symmachus, Genesis 6:6] is something of a puzzle...If it has been faithfully recorded, it may be related to the rendering of Aquila for the Nephilim in 6:4, οι επιπιπτοντες.
- ^ "Genesis 6 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". Retrieved 5 June 2015.
- ^ "Numbers 13 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". Retrieved 5 June 2015.
- ^ Richard Hess, article "Nephilim" in Freedman, David Noel, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary, (New York: Doubleday) 1997, 1992.
- ^ P. W. Coxon, article "Nephilim" in K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", p. 619
- ^ G. Milton Smith Knowing God in His Word—Genesis 2005 Page 140 "The other view holds that the sons of God were fallen angels who had some sort of union with the women of Noah's"
- ^ paleographically dated by Milik as c150BC see Michael E. Stone Selected studies in pseudepigrapha and apocrypha 1991 p. 248
- ^ either stolen or purchased from street vendors by the British in the reign of Tewodros
- ^ compare: R. H. Charles 1 Enoch 7:2 "And when the angels, (3) the sons of heaven, beheld them, they became enamoured of them, saying to each other,Come, let us select for ourselves wives from the progeny of men, and let us beget children. Ethiopian Orthodox Bible Henok 2:1–3 "and the Offspring of Seth, who were upon the Holy Mount, saw them and loved them. And they told one another, "Come, let us choose for us daughters from Cain's children; let us bear children for us."
- ^ New American Bible, footnotes page 1370, referring to verse 6.
- The angels too, who did not keep to their own domain but deserted their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains, in gloom, for the judgement of the great day. Likewise, Sodom and Gomorrah, and the surrounding towns, which, in the same manner as they, indulged in sexual promiscuity and practiced unnatural vice, serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire.
- —Jude 1:6–7, New American Bible.
- ^
- The author does not present this episode as a myth nor, on the other hand, does he deliver judgment on its actual occurrence; he records the anecdote of a superhuman race simply to serve as an example of the increase in human wickedness which was to provoke the Flood.
- —Jerusalem Bible, Genesis VI, footnote.
- ^ "Who are the sons of God and the Nephilim?". Retrieved 5 June 2015.
- ^ "Ken Raggio teaches Did Angels Breed Giants?". Retrieved 5 June 2015.
- ^ "Matthew 22:30". BibleGateway.com, from the New American Standard Bible translation.
- ^ Bob Deffinbaugh, Genesis: From Paradise to Patriarchs, The Sons of God and the Daughters of Men
- ^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1901). The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagint (Volume 1). Cambridge University Press. p. 9. Greek text: 'οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ'
- ^ "Book 1: Watchers". Academy for Ancient Texts, Timothy R. Carnahan. Retrieved14 August 2012.
- ^ R. H. Charles A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Revelation of St John p239 "He may be Uriel, if it is legitimate to compare 1 Enoch xx. 2, according to which he was the angel set over the world and Tartarus (ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ κόσμου καὶ τοῦ Ταρτάρου). In 1 Enoch, Tartarus is the nether world generally.
- ^ Archie T. Wright The origin of evil spirits: the reception of Genesis 6.1–4 6:1–4 in Early Jewish Literature. 2005 Page 82 "Targum Neofiti's rendition of nephilim follows that of Onkelos ... Targum Pseudo-Jonathan interprets the Genesis 6.4 passage with significant changes, which indicate a strong negative"
- ^ "1.9 In 'He comes with ten thousands of His holy ones' the text reproduces the Masoretic of Deut. 33² in reading אָתָא = ἔρχεται, whereas the three Targums, the Syriac and Vulgate read אִתֹּה = μετ' αὐτοῦ. Here the LXX diverges wholly. The reading אתא is recognised as original. The writer of 1–5 therefore used the Hebrew text and presumably wrote in Hebrew." R.H.Charles, Book of Enoch: Together with a Reprint of the Greek Fragments London 1912, p.lviii
- ^ "We may note especially that 1:1, 3–4, 9 allude unmistakably to Deuteronomy 33:1–2 (along with other passages in the Hebrew Bible), implying that the author, like some other Jewish writers, read Deuteronomy 33–34, the last words of Moses in the Torah, as prophecy of the future history of Israel, and 33:2 as referring to the eschatological theophany of God as judge." Richard Bauckham, The Jewish world around the New Testament: collected essays. 1999 p276
- ^ "The introduction.. picks up various biblical passages and re-interprets them, applying them to Enoch. Two passages are central to it The first is Deuteronomy 33:1 .. the second is Numbers 24:3–4 Michael E. Stone Selected studies in pseudepigrapha and apocrypha with special reference to the Armenian Tradition (Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha No 9) p.422.
- ^ e.g. Michael Green The second epistle general of Peter, and the general epistle of Judep59
- ^ James L. Kugel Traditions of the Bible: A Guide to the Bible As It Was at the Start of the Common Era (9780674791510)
- ^ "The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of the nobles would come to the daughters of man, and they would bear for them; they are the mighty men, who were of old, the men of renown."—Genesis 6:4 (chabad.org translation)
- ^
- Later Judaism and almost all the earliest ecclesiastical writers identify the "sons of God" with the fallen angels; but from the fourth century onwards, as the idea of angelic natures becomes less material, the Fathers commonly take the "sons of God" to be Seth's descendants and the "daughters of men" those of Cain.
- —Jerusalem Bible, Genesis VI, footnote.
- ^ "KITĀB AL-MAGĀLL OR THE BOOK OF THE ROLLS. ONE OF THE BOOKS OF CLEMENT.". Retrieved 5 June 2015.
- ^ "ANF06. Fathers of the Third Century: Gregory Thaumaturgus, Dionysius the Great, Julius Africanus, Anatolius, and Minor Writers, Methodius, Arn". Retrieved 5 June 2015.
- ^ Commentary in Genesis 6:3
- ^ Rick Wade, Answering Email, The Nephilim
- ^ Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Sunday Schools Department: The "Holy Angels" (in Amharic)
- ^ The Amharic text of Henok 2:1–3 (i.e. 1 En) in the 1962 Ethiopian Orthodox Bible may be translated as follows: "After mankind abounded, it became thus: And in that season, handsome comely children were born to them; and the Offspring of Seth, who were upon the Holy Mount, saw them and loved them. And they told one another, "Come,let us choose for us daughters from Cain's children; let us bear children for us."
- ^ e.g. Peake's commentary on the Bible 1919
- ^ J. C. Greenfield, Article Apkallu in K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", pp.72–4
- ^ J. C. Greenfield, Article Apkallu in K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", pp.73
- ^ W. Zimmerli, Ezekiel vl.2 Translated J. D. Martin; Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983 p168, 176
- ^ RS Hendel, Of Demigods and the Deluge: Towards an Interpretation of Genesis 6:1–4,JBL 106 (1987) p22
- ^ Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
- ^ Rigal, Laura (2001). American Manufactory: Art, Labor, and the World of Things in the Early Republic. Princeton University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780691089515.
- ^ Rose, Mark (November–December 2005). "When Giants Roamed the Earth".Archaeology 58 (6). Retrieved 15 October 2014.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Nephilim". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
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